PPARA and nicotine dependence: In the light of these findings and considering the critical role of PPARs in nicotine dependence (Domi et al., 2019), it is possible to hypothesize that the increase in CYP2E1 could participate, via PPAR downregulation, in the development of neuroinflammatory processes and remodeling of synaptic plasticity that are also likely involved in tobacco addiction (Na et al., 2017; Butler et al., 2021).