In particular, oestrogens may favour an immunosuppressive TME by enhancing Th2 responses, tumour-promoting cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A and TNF) and M2 TAM infiltrations, unlike M1 TAM infiltration and Th1 responses, which are commonly joined with Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN) (Figure 1A). Here, IL4 is linked to neoplasm.