TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Interestingly, some of these analytes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by cognitive decline, such as multiple sclerosis (MS; IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, MMP-9, S100 proteins, and TWEAK) (18–20) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD; IL-6, IL-10, NGAL, S100 proteins, and TNF-α) (21–23), suggesting that there may be common underlying mechanisms that contribute to CI in these conditions and that these analytes could be useful biomarkers for CI in SLE.