The results showed that compared with normal kidney tissues, the mRNA expression of EPHA3, RASIP1, PENK and UBAP in DM patients were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), while the mRNA expression of LRRC17, CEBPB, EFEMP2, PPP1R15A, SPEN, MAFF, GADD45B and KLF4 was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) (Figure 13A–L). Here, PENK is linked to diabetes mellitus.