The risk score for each BLCA patient was computed using the following formula: risk score = CALR × (0.405279308953595) + FASN × (0.258102908642283) + FOSL1 × (0.13711645977668) + JUN × (0.180089629387815) + LYPD1 × (− 0.297294747687542) + MST1R × (− 0.158806008985081) + SATB1 × (− 0.258123805382691) (Table S2). Here, FOSL1 is linked to bladder transitional cell carcinoma.