Major pulmonary surgery, male sex, history of exacerbation, UIP appearance on chest CT, preoperative steroid use, serum sialylated carbohydrate antigen KL-6 levels greater than 1000 U/ml, and reduced percent predicted vital capacity are independent high-risk factors of postoperative AE-ILD [7, 21]. The gene discussed is MUC1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.