SPP1 and neoplasm: Further spatial distance analysis revealed that UPP1high tumor cells were in closer proximity to FOXP3+ Tregs, MMP11+ fibroblasts, LAG3 + PDCD1 + CD8+ exhausted T cells, and SPP1+ macrophages as compared to UPP1low tumor cells (Supplementary Fig. 8), suggesting a stronger crosstalk between UPP1high tumor cells and these immunosuppressive components in the TME.