Our findings unveiled a significant upregulation in a variety of cytokines in UPP1-overexpressing tumor cells, including TGF-β1, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IGFBP-3, CXCL5, CCL20, and VEGF, with TGF-β1 being the most prominently elevated (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 9a, b, and Supplementary Data 6). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.