This analysis revealed that seven cell populations exhibited a significant correlation with poorer patient outcomes, including tumor cell cluster 3 (highly expressing S100A2), cluster 8 (TK1), cluster 10 (PTTG1), cluster 12 (IGFBP5), cluster 13 (ISG15), cluster 16 (UPP1), cluster 17 (IL13RA2) (Fig. 1f and Supplementary Fig. 4b). This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP5 and neoplasm.