TGFB1 and neoplasm: Considering the TGF-β signaling was broadly engaged in the intercellular interactions between UPP1high tumor cells and the four types of immune-suppressive-related cell populations mentioned above (Supplementary Fig. 7a), we hypothesized that TGF-β1 may serve as one of the key signaling molecules secreted by UPP1high tumor cells and promote the conversion of these cells towards an immune-suppressive phenotype.