Quantifying the proportion of GFAP+ astrocytes expressing IL-6 over all GFAP+ astrocytes revealed a dramatic increase from 2.62% ± 0.612 % in controls to 44.54% ± 5.846 % in early PD stages and 56.86% ± 6.033 % in late PD stages (Figure 5, A and B; P < 0.01 PD early-stage versus CTL; P < 0.001 PD late-stage versus CTL). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is Parkinson disease.