MMP1 and cancer: Based on their multi-target, multi-pathway pharmacology, they were predicted to exert their inhibitory effects on OA through six targets, primarily F2R, F3, MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, and PTGS2, and three major signaling pathways: “pathways in cancer,” “complement and coagulation cascades,” and “IL-17 signaling pathway.” Meanwhile, PL exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the that of the control by reducing NO levels in RAW264.7 and effectively inhibited the expression of various mRNA and proteins, including F2R, F3, IL-17A, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and PTGS2.