Due to their ability to significantly improve patient survival, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of a range of cancers (Fellner, 2012; Schadendorf et al., 2015; Vallianou et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.