GDF15 and hydrops fetalis: Among individuals in the FHS, increased levels of soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (sST2), hs-TnI, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and BNP were found to be independently associated with the development of heart failure (HF) over an average follow-up period of 11 years [7]. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIS Study) has shown that higher levels of ceruloplasmin have been linked to new-onset HF [43].