TNF and diabetes mellitus: Incipient diabetes, like pre-diabetes is characterized by increased circulating levels of innate immune markers which includes: Type-I interferon (Interferon-β), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra, TGF-β and IL-27), while IL-38 remain lower, like that of pre-diabetes (19, 23, 24).