Interestingly, direct administration by the intranasal route of small interfering RNA (siRNA) or antisense oligonucleotide against periostin into the lungs of a BLM-induced experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis was associated with significantly reduced levels of periostin and TGF-β1 in airway fluid and lung tissue, as well as a reduced deposition of collagen in lung tissue and a decrease in the lung fibrosis score in treated mice compared to control mice (28). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis.