Although parabiosis experiments underestimate the contribution of blood-circulating cells to tissues, our results also showed that the contribution of partner-derived cells to TIM4+ KCs was below 0.5%, compared with around a 25% contribution of partner-derived cells to CD45+TIM4− cells (Fig. 2b and Extended Data Fig. 2h–j), suggesting that up to 99% TIM4+ KCs remain host derived (CD45.2+) in the tumour-bearing liver, whether they belong to the main KC CD206+ subset or the smaller CD206bright subset34–36 (Extended Data Fig. 2h–j). Here, TIMD4 is linked to neoplasm.