Consistent with some extent of primary induction28,29, specific T cells among infection-naive patients showed a restricted cytokine pattern with a lower percentage of multifunctional cells and a relative dominance of dual cytokine-producing cells expressing IL-2 and TNFα, which is different from reactivations, where less multifunctional cells are associated with an increase in cells expressing IFNγ28,29. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.