Sex-specific behaviors of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T cells have been found to drive sex-associated pathological differences in glioblastoma, where male patients display increased monocytic MDSCs and exhausted CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to accelerated tumor progression but enhanced response to single-agent anti-PD-1 treatment in preclinical models50,51. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.