TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association of T2DM with dynapenia and sarcopenia, namely: the reduction in muscle synthesis or sensitivity to anabolic hormones such as testosterone; mitochondrial dysfunction caused by chronic hyperglycemia inducing apoptosis and atrophy or loss of muscle fibers; and the increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) decreasing the action of glucose transporters and generating impairment in energy metabolism 8,9,16,30,31,32,33,34,35,.40