CAT and neoplasm: As shown in Fig. 6 (D and E), a significant increase in the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs, CD45+CD3+) was observed in the tumor tissues of NanoICD/CAT-PCA (45.7%) treatment compared to those of PBS (6.28%), nCAT-PCA (15.6%), and NanoICD/BSA-PCA (15.9%).