AKT1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Yan et al. found that in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells, PPI, V, and VI significantly inducted apoptosis [40]; and Luo et al. found that PPI could induce apoptosis in colon cancer SW480 cells by promoting ROS production and regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway [52].