AKT1 and malignant colon neoplasm: In colon cancer HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, PPII was able to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell colony formation to exert antitumor effects [44]; PPIX was able to induce apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway, upregulating Caspase-3 and-9 and BAX and downregulating B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) [45].