Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses demonstrated that interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) levels were significantly elevated in heart tissues following CRS-3, whereas DUSP1 overexpression attenuated these changes (Figure 2A-C). Here, DUSP1 is linked to TCF12-related craniosynostosis.