VEGFA and neoplasm: For example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) derived from CAFs is essential for boosting angiogenesis to accelerate tumor progression38, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) produced by CAFs has preference to hamper the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and reinforce the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and CAFs also tend to instruct the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and attenuate the activation of cytotoxic T cells through IL-6/STAT3 signaling cascade39, 40.