RNASEL and viral infectious disease: For example, the latent endoribonuclease, ribonuclease L (RNase L), can be activated in response to viral infection when dsRNA is recognized by 2ʹ-5ʹ-oligoadenylate sythetases (OASs), which produce 2ʹ-5ʹoligo(A) [18, 19].