SMPD1 and infection: Viruses including Rhinovirus, Ebola, and measles encephalitis [15–17], and bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae [18–23], stimulate the viral ASMase/ceramide system inducing the development of platform domains rich in ceramide, which facilitate viral entry and host cell infection.