AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: In patients with BCLC-B, the GALAD score had a similar association with treatment response (AUC = 0.660; 95% CI (0.510–0.809)) as AFP (AUC = 0.667; 95% CI (0.516–0.818)) and a stronger association with response to HCC treatment compared to AFP-L3 (AUC = 0.618; 95% CI (0.462–0.774)) and DCP (AUC = 0.550; 95% CI (0.390–0.710)) (Fig. 3c).