In contrast, CRC with lower mutation rates (∼ 84%) that were non-hypermutated, microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers, with a high frequency of DNA somatic copy number alterations due to CIN, commonly showed mutations or deletions in APC, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, and SMAD4 (Fig. 1) [8, 15, 22]. This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and colorectal carcinoma.