Specifically, the NFE2L2-dependent expression of antioxidant genes was found to be suppressed in biopsy samples obtained from COVID-19 patients, and the administration of the primary metabolite prodrugs 4-octyl-itaconate (4-OI) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), that both activate NFE2L2, had anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects at high concentrations (66). The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is COVID-19.