One of the first cancer vaccines authorized by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) was sipuleucel-T, which consists of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from the patient and activated ex vivo using a recombinant fusion protein, PA2024, a prostate antigen that is fused to GM-CSF, active as specifically activated APCs20. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and cancer.