Contrary to this hypothesis, a significant amount of research conducted by our group and others over the last two decades has provided solid evidence demonstrating the tumor-promoting roles of active GSK3β as well as therapeutic effects related to its inhibition in more than 25 different cancer types (reviewed in[140-146]), including pancreatic cancer (reviewed in[147-152]). This evidence concerns the gene GSK3B and familial pancreatic carcinoma.