HTR1A and depressive symptom measurement: The overall results indicate that α-pinene exerts its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects through 5-HT1A, β-Adrenergic, and D1 receptors while also enhancing hippocampal BDNF and dopamine synthesis, both of which are critical factors in the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety (Weston-Green et al., 2021).