TNF and colitis: The levels of PGE2, NF-κB, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), p38 MAPK, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF6) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were significantly reduced under melittin administration compared with those in colitis model mice without melittin treatment.