DNMT1 and diabetic kidney disease: Parthenolide has shown potential as a DNA methylation inhibitor—it was observed to inhibit DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (Liu et al., 2009), a noteworthy effect considering DNMT1 was found to be upregulated in diabetic nephropathy mice and high glucose-induced MPC5 cells (Yan et al., 2022).