GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): For example, chronic exposure to Pb released from e-waste recycling activities may impair hemoglobin (Hb) production by interfering with enzymatic pathway in the heme synthesis, resulting in a reduction in red blood cells (RBC) and anemia (Abadin et al., 2007; Hsieh et al., 2017; Kutllovci-Zogaj et al., 2014; R Rahimpoor et al., 2020).