MAPK3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq revealed that molecular signals such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IκB–NF-κB, TLR, MAPK (involving ERK1/2 and JNK), and apoptosis were intensified in COPD mice compared with controls but weakened in the QJHTD group versus the model group.