TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Collectively, the landscape of pathway activity regulation suggests that suppressing the molecular routes of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IκB–NF-κB, TLR, MAPK (involving ERK1/2 and JNK), and apoptosis is prominent in the anti-COPD action of QJHTD, which closely mirrored our speculation based on network pharmacology.