SMAD4 and prostate carcinoma: Chan et al. (2017) found that DLX1 promotes ovarian cancer aggressiveness by activating the TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling pathway. Liang et al. (2018) found that DLX1 is a β-catenin binding protein, and aberrant activation of β-catenin/TCF signaling promotes the growth, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, downregulation of the β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway inhibited the malignant development of prostate cancer cells (Chen et al., 2017).