Wnt signalling can also activate atypical pathways such as Wnt/Ca2+, Wnt/JNK and other pathways, in which Wnt/Ca2 + plays an important role through calcium-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin and the transcription factor NFAT [21]; the Wnt/JNK signalling pathway activates JNK thr ough DSH, migrates into the nucleus, and regulates the activities of transcription factors c-Jun, Atf2, ELK1, DPC4, p53, etc. The activation of these atypical pathways also plays an important role in EMT and tumour invasion and metastasis [22]. Here, SMAD4 is linked to neoplasm.