An upregulation of TLR4 (P < 0.05), CD68 (P < 0.05), SPP1 (P < 0.05) and CCL2 (P < 0.05) together with a downregulation (P < 0.05) of ADIPOQ levels in the jejunum from patients with obesity-associated T2D were found (Fig. 3A). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.