SPP1 and inflammatory bowel disease: We showed that gene expression levels of crucial inflammatory mediators including CCL2, CD68, IL1B, SPP1 and TLR4 were increased in the jejunum from patients with T2D with a downregulation of the anti-inflammatory marker ADIPOQ. Homeostasis of iron metabolism is of great importance for intestinal inflammation and an overexpression of the metalloreductase STEAP4 has been associated with aggravated inflammatory bowel disease [39].