TNF and Salmonella Infections: In chicken, Salmonella infection is known to trigger inflammation of the gut by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 (30, –, 33), chemokines such as IL-8, and type 1T helper cell cytokines such as IL-2 and interferon-γ, along with a cascade of other cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-12, and IL-15 (34, 35).