NFKB1 and cancer: Loss of muscle mass in cancer cachexia stems from several immuno-metabolic alterations, such as those caused by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (6, 153, 154), which can lead to activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and subsequent stimulation of the calpain (155–158), autophagic-lysosomal (159–161) and ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathways (162–164).