Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have reported changes in the expression of various proteins in the saliva and glands of diabetes patients, including salivary amylase, sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), nitric oxide synthase and tetrahydrobiopterin protein (NOS-BH4), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), common salivary protein 1 (CSP1), aquaporins (AQP), muscarinic receptors, and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) (Fouani et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene SLC5A1 and diabetes mellitus.