In addition, some signaling pathways are involved in the damage and fibrosis of salivary glands in patients with SS, including the JAK/STAT pathway activated by the binding of IFN to its receptor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, cGAS-STING signaling pathway, and TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway (Sisto et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and synovial sarcoma.