HIF1A and infection: In addition, during infection, an increase in mitochondrial ROS (mROS) mediated by STING is also seen, which can reduce OXPHOS and increase glycolysis by increasing the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and the increase of succinic acid can also lead to an increase in HIF-1α expression, all of which make macrophages reprogram into M1 type to resist the invasion of external viruses or bacteria [168].