To study how autonomy in cancer cells impacts cancer progression, and more specifically, the progression of breast cancers, we took advantage of two MDA MB-231 [M.D. Anderson Metastatic Breast cancer cell line 231] breast cancer cell lines, that are either endowed (wild-type; WT) or impaired (GIV-KO by CRISPR (29)) in growth signaling autonomy (Fig. 1A). Here, CCDC88A is linked to breast cancer.