In addition, migraine is associated with an inflammatory state, as indicated by high levels of cytokines, like interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor -α, as well as Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule 1 [42], but this state might be either the cause or the result of oxidative stress.The strong link between ED and migraine is further supported by genome-wide association studies. This evidence concerns the gene ESM1 and migraine disorder.