Ins2Akita and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes models, associated with insulin misfolding or deficient pancreatic β-islet cells, respectively, showed that in absence of CX3CR1 (CX3CR1KO), retinas displayed enhanced microglia activation, neuronal loss, and astrogliosis [2, 4, 22]. This evidence concerns the gene CX3CR1 and diabetes mellitus.