MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Misfolded proteins linked to various neurodegenerative illnesses, including β-amyloid and tau proteins in AD, α-synuclein in PD, and superoxide dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been shown to use EVs to infect other cells.361 Neuron-derived EVs transfer toxic α-synuclein across neurons and non-neuronal cells, promoting the spread of PD.