S100B and AIDS: Allowing viral antigens to fuse with mutant EVs anchoring HIV-1 Nef leads to the production of immunogenic EVs.553 The study suggests that a Nef-based engineering strategy could generate EVs for hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) immunization via cytotoxic T lymphocytes, potentially aiding in developing therapies against AIDS and HBV.554 HIV can counteract this by increasing HIV-Nef incorporation into EVs, inhibiting CD4 inclusion, and decreasing the efficiency of the host antiviral response.