NFKB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: In HNSCC, EVs derived from IL-6-dependent inflammatory stimulation contain IL-10, which enhances angiogenesis, supporting tumor growth.276–278 In OSCC, miRNA-382-5p and miRNA-196a carried by EVs induce cell migration, further contributing to tumor progression.275,278,279 HNSCC-derived exosomes, when taken up by macrophages in the TME, trigger the proliferation, motility, and invasion of tumor cells by regulating the NF-κB pathway.278 Additionally, exosomes from the placenta have been implicated in promoting a state of immune privilege.