Meanwhile, the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio also had a strong causality with glucose metabolism indicators (like HbA1c, fasting insulin levels), obesity-related indicators (like BMI, waist-to-hip ratio), and behaviorally relevant indicators (such as smoking, sedentary behavior, (frequent) alcohol consumption, and coffee intake) (specific results are shown in Fig. 7). Here, APOB is linked to obesity disorder.