The impact of treatment for CKD [e.g. renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors] is limited by late prescription; they are used to treat CKD, but current guidelines define CKD as the presence of markers of kidney damage, such as albuminuria ≥30 mg/day (i.e. ≈10-fold above physiological levels), or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.7  m2 (i.e. 50% lower than physiological levels) for ≥3 months. Here, REN is linked to chronic kidney disease.