AKR1A1 and atrial fibrillation: The effects of AKR1A1 on liver function, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis were assessed by ELISA, western blotting, RT‒PCR, and a variety of histological staining methods in AF-induced wild-type (WT) and Akr1a1−/− mice compared to control liquid diet-fed (PF) WT and Akr1a1−/− mice.