In addition, fibrosis-related marker genes, including Tgf-β1, Collagen I, Ctgf, and α-Sma, were transcribed at a noticeably high level in the livers of AF-treated Akr1a1−/− mice compared to mice in the other groups (Fig. 5C–F). This evidence concerns the gene AKR1A1 and atrial fibrillation.