In this regard, there is reduced tumor proliferation (%Ki67+ cells; Fig. 7f) and Ccl5 expression (Fig. 7fg) following systemic αIL-1β antibody treatment relative to IgG antibody treatment, whereas Nf1flox/flox; hGFAP-Cre mice given memantine following TBI had decreased tumor proliferation (%Ki67+ cells; Fig. 7h) and Ccl5 expression (Fig. 7i) relative to vehicle-treated control mice. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and neoplasm.