Previous studies from our laboratory have characterized a “neuron-immune-cancer cell” axis, in which neurons elaborate midkine in an activity-dependent manner [5], which stimulates T cell Ccl4 production to induce TAM (Tmem119+/Iba1+/CD45low/CD11b+ microglia [19, 46]) Ccl5-mediated support of glioma growth [28]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and cancer.