Furthermore, earlier studies have demonstrated the direct involvement of NRF2 as a transcription factor for PD‐L1.[27, 28] Consequently, the upregulation of NRF2 induced by PDT engenders an elevation in PD‐L1 expression in CCA, detrimentally impeding the T cell‐mediated anti‐tumor immune response. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and cholangiocarcinoma.