Consistent with the subcutaneous HCC mouse model, after 3 weeks of anti-PD-1 treatment, compared with the mice bearing HCA-1/Vec tumors, mice bearing HCA-1/R1 tumors exhibited a significantly enhanced tumor size and a poor therapeutic response (Fig. 2c–e), indicating that overexpression of RNase1 promoted HCC cell highly resistance to anti-PD-1 treatment. Here, RNASE1 is linked to neoplasm.